Node.js signup form protection reference

Arcjet signup form protection combines rate limiting, bot protection, and email validation to protect your signup forms from abuse.

Configuration

Signup form protection is a combination of the rate limiting, bot protection, and email validation primitives. The configuration options are the same, but specified in a single rule.

The configuration definition is:

type ProtectSignupOptions = {
  rateLimit?: SlidingWindowRateLimitOptions | SlidingWindowRateLimitOptions[];
  bots?: BotOptions | BotOptions[];
  email?: EmailOptions | EmailOptions[];
};

The arcjet client is configured with one protectSignup rule which take ProtectSignupOptions.

Recommended configuration

Our recommended configuration for most signup forms is:

• Block emails with invalid syntax, that are from disposable email providers, or do not have valid MX records configured.
• Block clients that we are sure are automated.
• Apply a rate limit of 5 submissions per 10 minutes from a single IP address.

This can be configured as follows:

import arcjet, { protectSignup } from "@arcjet/node";

const aj = arcjet({
  key: process.env.ARCJET_KEY!,
  rules: [
    protectSignup({
      email: {
        mode: "LIVE", // will block requests. Use "DRY_RUN" to log only
        // Block emails that are disposable, invalid, or have no MX records
        block: ["DISPOSABLE", "INVALID", "NO_MX_RECORDS"],
      },
      bots: {
        mode: "LIVE",
        // Block clients that we are sure are automated
        block: ["AUTOMATED"],
      },
      // It would be unusual for a form to be submitted more than 5 times in 10
      // minutes from the same IP address
      rateLimit: {
        // uses a sliding window rate limit
        mode: "LIVE",
        interval: "10m", // counts requests over a 10 minute sliding window
        max: 5, // allows 5 submissions within the window
      },
    }),
  ],
});

Testing with dry run mode

When you are testing your signup form protection configuration, you can run the rules in dry run mode first by setting mode to DRY_RUN. This will return an allow decision for every request, but log what the results would have been if they were in live mode. You can view the results in the Arcjet dashboard.

Even in dry run mode each rule will still be evaluated, so you can still check the rule results to see if the email address is valid or not, or log them to your database.

Decision

Arcjet provides a single protect function that is used to execute your protection rules. This requires a request property which is the request context as passed to the request handler. When configured with a protectSignup rule it also requires an additional email prop.

This function returns a Promise that resolves to an ArcjetDecision object. This contains the following properties:

• id (string) - The unique ID for the request. This can be used to look up the request in the Arcjet dashboard. It is prefixed with req_ for decisions involving the Arcjet cloud API. For decisions taken locally, the prefix is lreq_.
• conclusion (ArcjetConclusion) - The final conclusion based on evaluating each of the configured rules. If you wish to accept Arcjet’s recommended action based on the configured rules then you can use this property.
• reason (ArcjetReason) - An object containing more detailed information about the conclusion.
• results (ArcjetRuleResult[]) - An array of ArcjetRuleResult objects containing the results of each rule that was executed.
• ip (ArcjetIpDetails) - An object containing Arcjet’s analysis of the client IP address. See IP analysis in the SDK reference for more information.

See the SDK reference for more details about the response.

Accepting our recommended action

The conclusion property contains the final conclusion based on evaluating each of the configured rules. The quick start example code above uses this property to accept Arcjet’s recommended action - display an error to the user if their email is rejected, otherwise return a 403 error.

You can check if a deny decision was returned by using decision.isDenied(). To narrow down the reason to an email validation rule, you can use decision.reason.isEmail().

Checking rule results

You can iterate through the results of each rule:

for (const result of decision.results) {
  console.log("Rule Result", result);
}

This could be useful metadata to add to a new user’s record in your database before you redirect them to the next step in your signup flow.

See the SDK reference for more details about the rule results.

Custom verification logic

Checking the rule results allows you to use the Arcjet decision as part of your own verification logic. For example, you could decide to manually verify user signups that come from IP addresses associated with proxies or Tor, and any users who sign up with a free email address.

TS

import arcjet, { protectSignup, ArcjetDecision } from "@arcjet/node";
import express from "express";

const app = express();
const port = 3000;

app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: false }));

const aj = arcjet({
  // Get your site key from https://app.arcjet.com and set it as an environment
  // variable rather than hard coding.
  key: process.env.ARCJET_KEY!,
  rules: [
    protectSignup({
      email: {
        mode: "LIVE", // will block requests. Use "DRY_RUN" to log only
        // Block emails that are disposable, invalid, or have no MX records
        block: ["DISPOSABLE", "INVALID", "NO_MX_RECORDS"],
      },
      bots: {
        mode: "LIVE",
        // Block clients that we are sure are automated
        block: ["AUTOMATED"],
      },
      // It would be unusual for a form to be submitted more than 5 times in 10
      // minutes from the same IP address
      rateLimit: {
        // uses a sliding window rate limit
        mode: "LIVE",
        interval: "10m", // counts requests over a 10 minute sliding window
        max: 5, // allows 5 submissions within the window
      },
    }),
  ],
});

// If the signup was coming from a proxy or Tor IP address this is suspicious,
// but we don't want to block them. Instead we will require manual verification
function isProxyOrTor(decision: ArcjetDecision): boolean {
  for (const result of decision.results) {
    if (
      result.reason.isBot() &&
      (result.reason.ipProxy || result.reason.ipTor)
    ) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

// If the signup email address was from a free provider we want to double check
// their details.
function isFreeEmail(decision: ArcjetDecision): boolean {
  for (const result of decision.results) {
    if (result.reason.isEmail() && result.reason.emailTypes.includes("FREE")) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

app.post("/", async (req, res) => {
  const email = req.body.email;

  const decision = await aj.protect(req, { email });
  console.log("Arcjet decision", decision);

  if (decision.isDenied()) {
    if (decision.reason.isEmail()) {
      // If the email is invalid then return an error message
      res.writeHead(400, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
      res.end(
        JSON.stringify({ error: "Invalid email", reason: decision.reason }),
      );
    } else {
      // We get here if the client is a bot or the rate limit has been exceeded
      res.writeHead(403, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
      res.end(JSON.stringify({ error: "Forbidden" }));
    }
  } else {
    // At this point the signup is allowed, but we may want to take additional
    // verification steps
    const requireAdditionalVerification =
      isProxyOrTor(decision) || isFreeEmail(decision);

    // User creation code goes here...

    res.writeHead(200, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
    res.end(JSON.stringify({ message: "Hello World", email }));
  }
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Example app listening on port ${port}`);
});

JS

import arcjet, { protectSignup, ArcjetDecision } from "@arcjet/node";
import express from "express";

const app = express();
const port = 3000;

app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: false }));

const aj = arcjet({
  // Get your site key from https://app.arcjet.com and set it as an environment
  // variable rather than hard coding.
  key: process.env.ARCJET_KEY,
  rules: [
    protectSignup({
      email: {
        mode: "LIVE", // will block requests. Use "DRY_RUN" to log only
        // Block emails that are disposable, invalid, or have no MX records
        block: ["DISPOSABLE", "INVALID", "NO_MX_RECORDS"],
      },
      bots: {
        mode: "LIVE",
        // Block clients that we are sure are automated
        block: ["AUTOMATED"],
      },
      // It would be unusual for a form to be submitted more than 5 times in 10
      // minutes from the same IP address
      rateLimit: {
        // uses a sliding window rate limit
        mode: "LIVE",
        interval: "10m", // counts requests over a 10 minute sliding window
        max: 5, // allows 5 submissions within the window
      },
    }),
  ],
});

// If the signup was coming from a proxy or Tor IP address this is suspicious,
// but we don't want to block them. Instead we will require manual verification
function isProxyOrTor(decision) {
  for (const result of decision.results) {
    if (
      result.reason.isBot() &&
      (result.reason.ipProxy || result.reason.ipTor)
    ) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

// If the signup email address was from a free provider we want to double check
// their details.
function isFreeEmail(decision) {
  for (const result of decision.results) {
    if (result.reason.isEmail() && result.reason.emailTypes.includes("FREE")) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

app.post("/", async (req, res) => {
  const email = req.body.email;

  const decision = await aj.protect(req, { email });
  console.log("Arcjet decision", decision);

  if (decision.isDenied()) {
    if (decision.reason.isEmail()) {
      // If the email is invalid then return an error message
      res.writeHead(400, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
      res.end(
        JSON.stringify({ error: "Invalid email", reason: decision.reason }),
      );
    } else {
      // We get here if the client is a bot or the rate limit has been exceeded
      res.writeHead(403, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
      res.end(JSON.stringify({ error: "Forbidden" }));
    }
  } else {
    // At this point the signup is allowed, but we may want to take additional
    // verification steps
    const requireAdditionalVerification =
      isProxyOrTor(decision) || isFreeEmail(decision);

    // User creation code goes here...

    res.writeHead(200, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
    res.end(JSON.stringify({ message: "Hello World", email }));
  }
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Example app listening on port ${port}`);
});

Error handling

Arcjet is designed to fail open so that a service issue or misconfiguration does not block all requests. The SDK will also time out and fail open after 500ms when NODE_ENV is production and 1000ms otherwise. However, in most cases, the response time will be less than 20-30ms.

If there is an error condition, Arcjet will return an ERROR conclusion.

TS

import arcjet, { protectSignup } from "@arcjet/node";
import express from "express";

const app = express();
const port = 3000;

app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: false }));

const aj = arcjet({
  // Get your site key from https://app.arcjet.com and set it as an environment
  // variable rather than hard coding.
  key: process.env.ARCJET_KEY!,
  rules: [
    protectSignup({
      email: {
        mode: "LIVE", // will block requests. Use "DRY_RUN" to log only
        // Block emails that are disposable, invalid, or have no MX records
        block: ["DISPOSABLE", "INVALID", "NO_MX_RECORDS"],
      },
      bots: {
        mode: "LIVE",
        // Block clients that we are sure are automated
        block: ["AUTOMATED"],
      },
      // It would be unusual for a form to be submitted more than 5 times in 10
      // minutes from the same IP address
      rateLimit: {
        // uses a sliding window rate limit
        mode: "LIVE",
        interval: "10m", // counts requests over a 10 minute sliding window
        max: 5, // allows 5 submissions within the window
      },
    }),
  ],
});

app.post("/", async (req, res) => {
  console.log("Email received: ", req.body.email);

  const decision = await aj.protect(req, {
    email: req.body.email,
  });
  console.log("Arcjet decision", decision);

  if (decision.isErrored()) {
    // Fail open by logging the error and continuing
    console.warn("Arcjet error", decision.reason.message);
    // You could also fail closed here for very sensitive routes
    //res.writeHead(503, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
    //res.end(JSON.stringify({ error: "Service unavailable" }));
  }

  if (decision.isDenied()) {
    if (decision.reason.isEmail()) {
      // If the email is invalid then return an error message
      res.writeHead(400, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
      res.end(
        JSON.stringify({ error: "Invalid email", reason: decision.reason }),
      );
    } else {
      // We get here if the client is a bot or the rate limit has been exceeded
      res.writeHead(403, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
      res.end(JSON.stringify({ error: "Forbidden" }));
    }
  } else {
    res.writeHead(200, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
    res.end(JSON.stringify({ message: "Hello World", email: req.body.email }));
  }
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Example app listening on port ${port}`);
});

JS

import arcjet, { protectSignup } from "@arcjet/node";
import express from "express";

const app = express();
const port = 3000;

app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: false }));

const aj = arcjet({
  // Get your site key from https://app.arcjet.com and set it as an environment
  // variable rather than hard coding.
  key: process.env.ARCJET_KEY,
  rules: [
    protectSignup({
      email: {
        mode: "LIVE", // will block requests. Use "DRY_RUN" to log only
        // Block emails that are disposable, invalid, or have no MX records
        block: ["DISPOSABLE", "INVALID", "NO_MX_RECORDS"],
      },
      bots: {
        mode: "LIVE",
        // Block clients that we are sure are automated
        block: ["AUTOMATED"],
      },
      // It would be unusual for a form to be submitted more than 5 times in 10
      // minutes from the same IP address
      rateLimit: {
        // uses a sliding window rate limit
        mode: "LIVE",
        interval: "10m", // counts requests over a 10 minute sliding window
        max: 5, // allows 5 submissions within the window
      },
    }),
  ],
});

app.post("/", async (req, res) => {
  console.log("Email received: ", req.body.email);

  const decision = await aj.protect(req, {
    email: req.body.email,
  });
  console.log("Arcjet decision", decision);

  if (decision.isErrored()) {
    // Fail open by logging the error and continuing
    console.warn("Arcjet error", decision.reason.message);
    // You could also fail closed here for very sensitive routes
    //res.writeHead(503, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
    //res.end(JSON.stringify({ error: "Service unavailable" }));
  }

  if (decision.isDenied()) {
    if (decision.reason.isEmail()) {
      // If the email is invalid then return an error message
      res.writeHead(400, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
      res.end(
        JSON.stringify({ error: "Invalid email", reason: decision.reason }),
      );
    } else {
      // We get here if the client is a bot or the rate limit has been exceeded
      res.writeHead(403, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
      res.end(JSON.stringify({ error: "Forbidden" }));
    }
  } else {
    res.writeHead(200, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
    res.end(JSON.stringify({ message: "Hello World", email: req.body.email }));
  }
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Example app listening on port ${port}`);
});